Introduction of Delhi

India, being a large country has many cities and towns. Following after Mumbai (Bombay) and Kolkata (Calcutta), Delhi is the third largest city in India which is also the capital of India. From the 11th century, the local economy has been unstable until the mid-17th century. The economy reaches its peak under the Mughals Empire when the country is peaceful and prosperous. This is also the period when some of the most magnificent buildings of Asia are built. Later, more architectural masterpieces were created in the hub of British Indian Empire. Presently, India is the world’s second most populated nation and one of the most significant historical capitals in the world. Delhi houses some of the first-class museums in India, beautiful gardens and parks. The wide variety of cultural attractions and events has drawn many tourists to embark on an exciting discovery journey in Delhi.

Delhi is an ancient historical city and is divided in to two parts: New Delhi and Old Delhi.

Old Delhi was the metropolis of Muslim India from the mid-17th century to the late 19th centuries. You are able to find forts, historical buildings and mosques which have a long history back in the Mughal Empire. Besides visiting the cultural heritage sites, you can also immerse in the lively atmosphere of the vibrant streets and bazaars.

New Delhi is mainly developed by the British which looks more urbanized compared to the Old Delhi and other regions of India. The city is a perfect blend of the ancient and present architecture which showcases one of the world’s biggest palaces, Rashparati Bhavan.

Official language used

The official language of India is Hindi and English, as the second official language. Both Hindi and English are used as the working language in multi-lingual regions. An estimate of 40% of the India’s population spoke Hindi as one of their main language. Besides, the Indian legislation also recognizes other 18 state languages as state language. It includes Urdu, Tamil, Telugu, Konkani, Sindhi, Malayalam, Meithei (Manipun), Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada (Kanarese) and Kashmiri.

In Delhi where the majority of the population is Hindus, Hindi is the official language despite their dialect differs from the other region in India. It depends solely on the society perception whether regional differences is treated as Hindi or a dialect. It is believed that the further away between regions, the more difficult it is for the speakers to understand despite they speak the same language- Hindi. The variation of the way Hindi is spoken is somehow related to Latin-derived languages like French, Portuguese and Spanish.


English is also spoken in Delhi, especially the younger generation and those who are involved in the tourism industry. In addition, Punjabi was conversed by the Sikhs and Punjabis that made up a high percentage of the entire population in Delhi. Delhi is divided into two cities- New Delhi and Old Delhi. Urdu is used in Old Delhi as majority of its community were Muslims, however speakers of Urdu and Hindi are able to understand each other easily. This is because Urdu and Hindi are the same, except Hindi are derived from Devanagari script while Urdu from Perso-Arabic script.

Education in Delhi

The literacy rate in Delhi is 76% which is normal at major Indian cities. It is higher compare to the average national literacy rate of 54%. Majority of the well-established universities and research institutions can be founded at Delhi. At the north-west region, the University of Delhi has more than 50,000 students enrolled in it. At South Delhi, there is Jawarhalal Nehru University and Indian Institute of Technology. Competition between locals is very intense to get admitted in the top schools. However, those who study in Hindi or other language will be at the losing end compared to those who have receive the English education. Those English-educated will have a higher chance to in obtaining higher level of education and employment opportunities as English now is known as the working language.

Leisure Programs

Events

Common Wealth Games
Common Wealth Games is held at Delhi in 2010 which is an international sports event held by the Common Wealth Games Federation. I have shared a video that features Delhi as the hosting destination and it is a marketing tool to raise awareness as well to invite people to come over to Delhi.

European Film Festival 2010 at New Delhi
This event is organized every year with the collaboration with the India’s partners and European Union member states, embassies and the Delegation of the European Commission. The objective of holding this event is to introduce the selection of the latest European cinema to the locals of India’s major cities. It reflects the European lifestyle which varies with its socio-economic and cultural circumstances. The event is held from 24 April – 20 June 2010 in cities of Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai and Goa.

What is India Known For???

Gardens
Delhi is also famous for its beautiful, scenic gardens among the locals as well as the tourists. Below are some of the main highlights:

Buddha Jayanti Park
Situated in the southern ridge of Delhi was a scenic garden with lush greeneries, streams, and blooming flowers. It is the perfect getaway of the urban city life in New Delhi. It holds great meaning to the Buddhist devotees because of the history behind a sapling planted in the park. The beautiful scenery of the park has draws families and lovers to have a walk or having a picnic under the tree. Ps: It is advisable to visit the park alone as it can be a little deserted at night.

Lodi Garden
As the name suggests, the garden is built around the grave of the Lodis kings. It is another hotspot for lovers who enjoy spending some private time together in the serene garden. I feel that it is also a great place for those who wish to escape the buzz and hustle of the city life.

Mughal Garden
Well known for its greenery and colorful flowers, the British garden has perfectly blended the British and Mughal style in its design. Visitors are recommended to come during spring to appreciate the blooming flowers while picnicking.

Must-see Attractions at India

Taj Mahal
The most magnificent and awe-inspiring architecture in the world, Taj Mahal is also one of the eight wonders of the world. It is built in 1931 by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz.

Do you know how long it takes to finish the construction and the amount of labor needed? It took 22 years to build the monument with the help of more than 20,000 workmen!

Red Fort
The Red Fort also known as Lal Qila is another infrastructure build by Shah Jahan after Taj Mahal. As the name suggest, the fort is red being built in red sandstone. It is recently recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site which draws many visitors to the Old Delhi to witness the imperial fort. With the increase number of tourists’ visits, the locals and government recognizes the importance of conserving this valuable historical site.

Qutub Minar
Standing at the South of Connaught Place in Delhi was the highest stone tower in India, Qutub Minar. Its height reaches 72.5m, whereby visitors are welcome to visit after purchasing a ticket.


Sports
Indians play a variety of sports such as soccer, field hockey and cricket. For those who aren’t aware, India is considered one of the world’s leaders in Hockey who won several gold medals in the Olympics. In bigger cities like Delhi, soccer is also popular among the locals. It’s hard to imagine that the national sport is actually cricket, isn’t it?

During the cricket period, crowds can be seen outside any shop that has a television featuring the competition. Observe the locals walking down the street; it’s easy to spot one with a pocket radio pressed to the ear, listening attentively to the updates of the game. I believe many of us are now convinced of the passion of the Indians towards crickets.

Ps: Who is Sachin Tendulkar? Ans: The best cricketer in the world – the living legend and India’s glory.

Cultures & Traditions

Delhi culture consists of many different elements in the lifestyle, attitudes and beliefs of the locals. I would like to highlight these few aspects: Religions, Visual Arts, Way of Dressing, Cuisines and Festivals.

Religions
1. Hinduism – 80% of the population are Hindus, they believed that they have to go through many reincarnation to move closer to Moksha – a stage when they can escaped from the rebirth cycle.

2. Buddhism – not much of the Indians were Buddhist but India is the place where Buddhism is founded. It is more of an ideology rather than a religion. The beginning of Buddhism takes place in Northern India around 500 B.C when a prince attains enlightenment.

3. Islam – ‘Islam’ is an Arabic term that means ‘submission to the god’ and ‘peace’. One tenth of the Islamic followers in the world stay in India, which makes India one of the biggest Islam nations worldwide.

4. Sikhism – Mainly practised in the region of Punjab, it tends to be aggressive in nature.

5. Christianity – it is spread some years ago before it is passed down to Europe.

6. Jainism – the followers is concentrated in the west and south-west of India. Their beliefs are very similar to Buddhism. It is divided into two sects which is Shvetembara and the Digambara.

Visual Arts

Paintings
Delhi painting is greatly influenced by the Mughal miniature paintings. Under the Mughal Empire, learning and culture reaches its peak since the Mughals has a flair for arts and architecture. The arts museum at Delhi showcases a very comprehensive collection of miniature paintings, paper paintings and marble paintings etc.







Handicrafts
Many exquisite and extraordinary handicrafts can be found in Delhi. One can found necklace or bracelets that are crafted from the bones of buffalos and camels. The coating of bangles is an olden form of art that is still practised until today in the city of Old Delhi. Embroidery is also considered as a form of craftship in Delhi whereby skilled craftsmen embroider on velvet, silk of saris and dresses. Another well known form of handicraft is the Meenakari work that involves imprinting paint on silver and gold as decoration. Pottery in Delhi is very well established which their art pieces include clay dolls and marvelous pots for containing drinking water.



Way of Dressing

Traditional costumes for Her…
Churida Suits, also known as Salwar Kameez
Salwar refers to the loosely fit pants, while Kamees refers to the long shirt that ends slightly above the knee. It is often wear with a scarf that drapes over the shoulders.












Traditional Costumes for Him
Kurta Pajamas, the style is similar to Churida suits which include a shirt and trousers.












Cuisine
There is a wide variety of Delhi cuisine which is majority of them consists spices. In the capital city of New Delhi, it’s easy to find spicy local food and sweets coming all over from the other regions of India. Generally, the Delhi people have a sweet tooth and enjoy the Bengali sweets, especially ‘Roshogullas’ and ‘Sandesh’. Punjabi 'Chhole-Bhature' and 'Pinni', Mughlai and Tandoori cuisines are the must-try for those who visit Delhi. For those who cannot take spiciness, gather your courage now and give a try of their cuisine! It’s difficult to resists the temptation and would be such a pity to give it a miss!

For the most authentic food in Delhi, it is highly encouraged to visit Karim’s in Old Delhi. It retains the original taste that contributes to its popularity among the locals as well as the foreigners. In addition, one can also try their delectable 'Korma', 'Kababs', and 'Biriyanis'. If you wish to have something light after days spending eating the rich flavored dishes, you can visit the South-Indian food paradise that offers well known local food such as the ‘Dosas’, ‘Uttapams’ and ‘Idli- Sambhar’ etc.

Festivals
Delhi, being the capital of India celebrated almost all the festivals which other region of the country also celebrates. It is a melting pot of many different cultures and religions and hence Delhi’s remain immersed in joyful ambience of the various festivals throughout the year.
These are the major festivals in Delhi:

Bhai Dooj Festival
It is celebrated either on the month of October or November when there is a full moon night about one day after Diwali. ‘Bhai’ refers to brother, ‘Dooj’ means second day after the new moon, literally known as the day of brother. It is celebrated to signify the affection between brothers and sisters. This practise involves the sister applying Tilak (saffron and vermillion) on her brother’s forehead, giving him sweets and performs aarti (a ritual of worship to symbolize the love and respect of god). It is believed that brothers who have accepted tilak from his sister will not be thrown to hell. Personally, I feel that this practice does not only reflect the India’s culture, it also shows how the locals treasure the relationship between brothers and sisters. It’s definitely a good occasion for a bonding session, especially for those siblings who stay apart from each other.

Chhath Festival
It is not an extravagant affair like other festivals. Chhath festival is held to honor the sun god when people express their gratitude and seek blessing from the nature forces – the sun and river. People believed that their prayers will be answered and they will be punished for any wrong done on this day.

In Delhi, this festival requires the devotees to sacrifice in order to be purified. For Chath ceremony in New Delhi, numerous breakwaters are reserved at Yamuna River for Puja to begin. It is carried out by both men and women whereby they start preparing for it at the end of Diwali. In the process, they have to follow a strict lifestyle such as sticking to a totally vegetarian meal without salt, onions and garlic. Imagine a food diet without any flavoring?

Not only has that, the devotees also had to observe a fast from the break of day to sunset and ends off with a sweet. After which, they have to observe another fast for 36 hours that will end in the morning of Chath Puja. On the actual day, the devotees will stay in the river water from late midnight to dawn when the first ray of sunlight shines on earth. After that, those who didn’t participate in Puja will begin to offer their offerings to the Sun God. This is definitely an eye opener experience for those who have not witness this festival in Delhi.

Diwali Festival
Also known as the festival of lights or Deepavali, it is celebrated by Hindus every year at every city at India with much hullabaloo. Diwali season means a lot to the shopkeepers, shopping centre, do you know why? It’s the best opportunity to earn high revenue! People will be busy shopping for gifts for themselves, families, relatives and friends whereby they will exchange with each other on Diwali. Doesn’t it sound like Christmas?

On the festival of Diwali, the streets will be decorated with lights and the joyful ambience everywhere. People will also decorate their homes with flowers, electric lights as well as diyas (oil lamps) at the entrance. Do take note of the Rangoli on the floor – a traditional decorative art meant to welcome the deities and hence it is said to be sacred.

Eid Festival
This festival is being held twice in the year and it holds significant meaning to all Muslims. With reference to the Muslim calendar, the first Eid falls around the month of Zil-Haji which is also called Eid-ul-Zuha. It is a grand affair celebrated in Delhi; animals were sacrificed as part of the ritual and meat is later shared. The meaning behind it is to atone for the evil spirits within one self.

The second time of Eid is also called Eid-ul-Fitr falls on the month of Ramzan. It is celebrated with much happiness and merriment whereby people begin to buy presents to exchange with their loved ones. Worshippers also visit the mosque on this day for offering prayers, and they will greet each other and give each other a hug. On this festive day, a dessert ‘sewai’ – an Indian vermicelli milk pudding is served.

Holi Festival
This festival takes place on a full moon day, in the Hindu month of Phagun. It is a very unique festival which people begin to dab gulal (colors) and splashing water on each other. There are many legends behind this occasion and one of them is that an evil demoness, Holika intends to burn a devotee of Lord Krishna but end up being burnt to death. To commemorate Holi, bonfires are lit up and people start the worshipping of fire. The tradition of Holi festival includes the consumption of bhang products such as bhang drinks, sweets etc.

Lohri Festival
It is held on 13th February annually, to celebrate the harvesting season of Punjabs as well as the start of spring and end of the winter season. It is a very auspicious day that marks a new beginning. Lohri festival is a local occasion celebrated by the Punjabs, but it is also celebrated with equal energy and joy by the Sikh and Hindu community. The main aspect of this festival is the worshipping of fire – people gather around a bonfire to celebrate after sunset. After that, peanuts, sweets, popcorns and puffed rice will be thrown into flames. Water and milk will be poured around the fire. The whole ceremony will then end off with traditional song and folk dance.

The Indigenous

Angami Tribes
Angami Tribe is one of the 20 tribes in the state of Nagaland which is situated at the extreme north eastern part of India. The Angami community is about 12 million and relies mainly on agriculture for food and income. Costumes worn by men and women are different from each other, except for their accessories which consist of beautiful beads, bangles, miniature mask pendants etc. The main religion followed by the Angami is Christianity whom the Angami believes it will bring peace and good fortune. They are known for their woodcraft and artwork such as bamboo work, furniture etc.

Khasi Tribes
The Khasi tribes settle themselves at several regions of India, including Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, state of Assam and the state of Meghalaya where majority of them are inhabited. Women are given the priority for the custody of child as they believe that the child is the mother’s property as she gave birth to the child. In addition, the women can ask for a divorce without any disagreement from her husband. The Khasi tribes have a great passion for music and dance. They normally play musical instrument such as guitars, flutes and drums. During the celebration of festival, the men will be dress up in Jymphong while the women will wear a bright dress with a crown that is decorated with feathers and spikes.

Oran Tribes or Kurukh Tribes
They are considered ‘modern’ tribes compare to other existing tribes in India. They believed in education and devotion in churches. The most educated will be Kartik Oroan, an Indian congress as well as the previous State Communication Minister of India. As they progress, they started to move into India major cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, and Delhi. In the ancient times, they depend on tea cultivation, selling forest products for a living. Now, the Oroans have venture into different occupation such as tea estate management in other regions of India. Similar to other tribes, they also enjoy singing and dancing. Some of their favorite dance includes Dasai, Karma and Jadur etc whereby everyone will participates in during the celebration of festivals.

For more information you may refer to this link: http://www.indianmirror.com/tribes/tribes-home-map1.html

Disneyzation at India

Disneyzation is a force that is related to the extending influence of principles or values worldwide that result in the exhibition of similar characteristics in different countries. Because of disneyzation, more people are exposed to themed restaurants, hotels, amusement park etc.

Spot ‘Disney’ in modern cities: Delhi

1) First Disney Store opens in India
Walt Disney Company has signed a franchise agreement with Delhi-based Ravi Jaipuria, a very successful businessman in India. This agreement will lead to the opening of an estimate 150 stores across India in the next 5 years.

The first Disney store is set up in 2007 at Gurgaon, the outskirts of Delhi. Currently, they are only selling the stationery products of Walt Disney Co. but it is a temporary plan. In the time to come, more products related to the Disney theme will be brought into the India market. This expansion principle reflected the popularity and great success of the Disney theme park. The retail shop of Walt Disney stationery is a good example of the dimension that states the promotion and selling of merchandise which bears the logo, copyright image under license. In addition, Walt Disney also highlights the importance of delivering consistent service for coordinating their staff to work towards their common goal. Training is offered for all employees regardless their position to familiarize them with the standard service standard, the corporate philosophy, values, goals etc. Therefore, it shows that the frontline service work is seemed as a performance which is one of the dimensions of disneyzation – Performative labor.

Walt Disney Company has identified the potential of establishing its brand in India due to an increase of middle class income. The government has been controlling the opening of the local market, but recently the government changes its policy whereby foreign companies are able to invest in retails shops of single brand products with its partnership with local firms. This policy allows the local firms to benefit as well when developing the market but this also means that it is becoming easier to establish international brand in India. Hence, disneyzation are more likely to occur when policies are more relaxed. Locals now are getting exposed to more international themed products such as Disney. In the long term, disneyzation can cause the dilution of local culture and uniqueness.

2) Hard Rock Café
Hard Rock Café has opened its fourth branch in New Delhi, which affiliate under the flagship of Mumbai’s Café as well as the other regions in Pune and Bengaluru. The opening of the Hard Rock Café in Delhi, the capital of India helps to create higher awareness of the Rock n Roll café and the American menus which many of the locals were not exposed of before. In addition, Hard Rock Café will be selling limited edition products such as Hard Rock Classic and City shirts that are only available in Delhi. Similar as Disney retail shops, the selling of Hard Rock themed products displays one of the dimensions that is merchandising. The products made available by Hard Rock often have their copyrighted logo imprinted on it which can only be sold under the license agreement. Besides that, there is also Hard Rock Hotels and Casinos that are not yet introduced in India, but they can be found in other countries such as Singapore, Las Vegas etc. This indicates an inclination of theming whereby the Hard Rock concept is being applied to irrelevant institution such as hotels and casinos.

Currently, there are more than 20,000 Hard Rock’s staff members with more than 140 locations across 6 continents. Hard Rock Café is growing at a tremendous rate annually. For example, an estimate of 10 countries will have Hard Rock Café in one of their states such as Costa Maya in Mexico, Hanoi in Vietnam etc. The extent of spreading the Hard Rock concept is amazing and it is not surprising if it actually dominates the market globally in the long run.

Analysis of Changes brought by Growth of Tourism in India

Positives (+)

• Generation of income and job opportunities
Tourism is seen as a way to reduce poverty with the increased income and jobs available which promotes the local standard of living. 6.38% of the national GDP comes from tourists receipts that are considered as a significant contribution to the local economy. Besides that, locals are given more job opportunities to be employed in tourism-related industries which are very labor intensive. Statistics have shown that tourism have created 8.78% of the total employment in India. For example, Common Wealth Games 2010 in New Delhi is expected to bring in additional 5 million tourists in India. When tourists visit the country, it is only normal that they will spend extra money in terms of accommodation, transport, sightseeing etc. The additional tourists’ expenditure will boost the local economy to a greater height. According to research, it is forecasted that India will be receiving an estimate of 10 million international tourists in October when the Common Wealth Game commemorates. The Games have also expand the job division such as hotels, airlines, airports and tour operators will be employing more staff during the period of Common Wealth Games.

• Development of Infrastructure
To ensure that tourists are at ease during their stay, facilities and infrastructure is being improved and built. This includes transport system, healthcare facilities as well as hotels and restaurants. The development of the infrastructure will also benefit the locals as they can also make use of the facilities available. For example, the improvement of covered bridges and road joints from city to the neighboring region and main tourists attractions.

• Preservation of Cultural & Heritage Sites
Because of tourists’ interest in the cultural heritage sites, it helps in conservation effort as the government and the locals now recognize the benefits in protecting it. An example, the government is going all out to preserve the original facets of Taj Mahal such as the shutting down of factories, banning the use of cars and buses near Taj Mahal. This is because Taj Mahal has become slightly yellow due to air pollution. In order to keep Taj Mahal in a good condition, the Indian parliament has passed an order to give the Taj Mahal a therapeutic mudpack worth $23,000 every 2 – 3 years to keep the its surface in its milky-white state.

• Protection of Environment
Similar to the preservation of cultural heritage sites, the environment is protected through conservation efforts, recovery work of biological diversity and sustainable use of the resources. The recognition of the environment importance as tourists’ attraction has lead to the establishment of wildlife parks and national park. In India, laws and regulations is passed to preserve the forest as well as native species in order to keep with the growing trend of eco-tourism.

Wildlife Parks in India (Just to name a few)
- Bandipur National Park
- Corbett National Park
- Gir National park
-Kanha National Park

Negatives (-)
• Increase Tension and Hostility
Tourism can results in social tension, hostility and misunderstand that arise between the host community and the tourists. This may be due to clashes in opinion and lack of mutual understanding and respect for each other’s lifestyle and culture. An Australian traveler died after suffering blows from the waiter and security guard in Goa, the south-west of India. The conflict between the waiter and tourist is because of the way the waiter serves the beer which suggests the difference in perception and cultures the root of this tragedy.

• Undesirable Social and Cultural Change
Tourism can erode away the local culture and identity gradually. When there are more tourists coming to the country, the more likely they will face the threat of losing their authenticity. The locals may adopt the tourists’ values such as the way they dress and behave and abandon their traditional lifestyle.

• Destruction & Change of Ecosystem
Beautiful natural landscapes such as rivers, beach and forest are known for their rich ecosystem. The ecosystem is very vulnerable to the risks and pressures as they are often exposed to tourism. An example will be the Krushedei Island situated near Rameswaram. It used to be the marine paradise but now abandoned by the tourists as they longer can admire the attractive coral and marine life. Natural habitats also face the threats of deterioration due to tourists’ activities. For example, when tourists visit the wildlife park, they tend to be loud and this may result in stress of the animals and affect their nature cycle and behavior indirectly.

Tourism, the Culprit of Commodification in Cultures & Traditions?

Tourism has becoming important gradually for many countries, especially to those who are still developing. The issue of tourism is related to the dilution and commodification of local culture and traditions. Because of commodification, authenticity is lost as travel experience has been altered to provide only the gist of the country’s culture. It is inevitable for commodification to occur under the influence of tourism; when tourists visit a country, they often desire to bring back the memories they had during their travel. Local businessman may see this as an opportunity to earn high returns and began to create items that signify the local culture in large scale. Henceforth, it leads to the commodification of culture to provide tangibles for the tourists to bring home as a souvenir. An example, there is a specialized souvenir shop in Dilli Haat that sells a wide range of products which incorporates the local culture. One can find greeting card, Rajasthani wall hangings, Rajasthani cloth toys etc easily there.

Looking at a bigger picture of tourism in Bihar, Bodh Gaya which is a temple that has religious significance to the Buddhism devotees faces the fate of being commodified and transform into a heritage site. In addition, amusement park, luxury hotels and golf course will also be built in order to provide a holistic travel experience. There is no doubt that these changes are able to create wealth and improves the locals financially. Yet, looking at the perspective of the Buddhism devotees, the development plan has threatened their sacred site and the peace they have. With the influx of tourists and establishment of tourists’ facilities, Bodh Gaya will lose its originality which can lead to the failure of heritage tourism in the long term.

All in all, the relationship between tourism and commodification is interlinked that means they are influenced by each other. Relating to the case study of Bodh Gaya, it is because of the effort to boost tourism that leads to the commodification of the sacred place. However, it is also due to commodification that has enhanced the appeal of Bodh Gaya as a heritage tourism attraction. Therefore, there is a need to see them as a whole instead of two separate entities instead of focusing too much on whether tourism is the main culprit behind the commodification of culture and traditions.

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